| t |
Net material thickness |
| ts |
Equivalent thickness of a flat element to replace
a multiple stiffened element for calculation purposes |
| t1, t2 |
Thickness of thinner and thicker materials connected
by spot welding |
| Us |
Ultimate tensile strength of steel |
| u |
Deflection of a flange towards the neutral axis
due to flange curling |
| W |
Total distributed load on a purlin |
| Wd |
Weight of cladding acting on a sheeting rail
|
| Ww |
Wind load acting on a sheeting rail |
| w |
Flat width of a sub-element or Intensity of load
on a beam |
| ws |
Equivalent width of a flat element to replace
a multiple stiffened element for calculation purposes |
| x0 |
Distance from the shear centre to
the centroid of a section measured along the x axis of symmetry |
| fy |
Yield strength of steel |
| Ysa |
Average yield strength of a cold formed section
|
| Ysac |
Modified average yield strength in the presence
of local buckling |
| y |
Distance of a flange from the neutral axis |
| Zc |
Compression modulus of a section in bending |
|
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion or Effective
length multiplier for torsional flexural buckling |
|
Ratio of end moments in a beam |
|
Overall load factor |
|
| Material strength factor |
|
Beam deflection |
|
Beam deflection at moment M |
|
Beam deflection at the point of local buckling
|
|
Perry coefficient |
|
Angle between the web of a beam and the bearing
surface |
 |
Poisson's ratio |
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